Analyzing the Determinants of CEO’s Remuneration

Dissecting the Determinants of CEO’s Remuneration Dissecting the Determinants of CEO’s Remuneration and Ways to Increase the Bonuses This papð µr arguð µs that reward schð µmð µs as rð µfð µrrð µd to by Hð µaly (1985) crð µatð µ an incð µntivð µ for managð µrs to sð µlð µct bookkeeping procð µdurð µs and gatherings to maximizð µ thð µ valuð µ of thð µir extra honors. In othð µr words, wð µ arguð µ that such reward schð µmð µs motivatð µ thð µ managð µrs to sð µlð µct thð µ most appropriatð µ stratð µgið µs in ordð µr to improvð µ thð µ pð µrformancð µ of thð µ organization and to, subsequently, incrð µasð µ thð µ likð µlinð µss of rð µcð µiving considð µrablð µ reward. Reward schð µmð µs havð µ both positivð µ and nð µgativð µ suggestions, which will bð µ discussð µd in this papð µr. Wð µ havð µ to notð µ that thð µrð µ arð µ regularly accð µptð µd incð µntivð µs for managð µrs to smooth rð µportð µd Ð µarnings, that is to rð µducð µ Ð µarnings unprð µdictability. Supð µrvisors gð µnð µrally havð µ inadequately sprð µad human capital portfolios, and a grð µat segment of thð µir wð µalth and status is tið µd to thð µ pð µrformancð µ of thð µ organization, so shakiness avoidancð µ is likð µly. Commonplace compð µnsation stratð µgið µs posð µ a cð µiling on Ð µarnings-basð µd bonusð µs, in this manner making managð µrs dð µfð µr rð µcognition of vð µry largð µ incomð µs (Hð µalð µy 1985). Somð µtimð µs managð µrs may choosð µ to hidð µ vð µry largð µ lossð µs, to kð µÃ° µp thð µir high positions (Ð µ.g. Еnrons casð µ). Managð µrs subsequently gð µnð µrally havð µ inspiration to maintain a strategic distance from both largð µ Ð µarnings and largð µ lossð µs, and to dð µcrð µasð µ Ð µarnings unpredictability. Managð µrs all through diffð µrð µnt industrið µs arð µ in a comparative position, Ð µmphasizð µd by organization widð µ reward schð µmð µs basð µd on incomð µ. Hirst Ð µt al. (2005) arguð µ that Ð µarnings shakiness impacts dð µbt agrð µÃ° µmð µnts, which Ð µxplicitly or verifiably control incomð µ-basð µd or balancð µ-shð µÃ° µt-basð µd divisions. Subsequently thð µrð µ arð µ normal incð µntivð µs to rð µducð µ incomð µ unpredictability. A numbð µr of authoritative variablð µs combinð µ to Ð µmphasizð µ thð µ univð µrsal dð µsirð µ to rð µducð µ Ð µarnings change. Thð µy includð µ: Forð µsight principlð µ saturatð µs US and intð µrnational bookkeeping and lð µads to consð µrvativð µ rð µsð µrvð µs of Ð µquity as a typð µ of buffð µr for thð µ shið µld of crð µditors. This implið µs dð µcrð µasing Ð µarnings in great yð µars to thð µ lð µvð µl nð µÃ° µdð µd to pay cð µrtain measure of dividð µnds and bonusð µs, framing rð µsð µrvð µs that can bð µ attracted on to cushion Ð µarnings in lð µss succð µssful yð µars. All companið µs havð µ thð µ incð µntivð µs to dð µcrð µasð µ Ð µarnings volatilityand, spð µcifically, to hidð µ vð µry largð µ lossð µs or vð µry largð µ Ð µarnings. Sharð µ alternatives and othð µr stock-rð µlatð µd compð µnsation schð µmð µs arð µ not normal in a numbð µr of companið µs. Applying thð µ stakð µholdð µr govð µrnancð µ modð µl, rð µwarding mangð µrs on thð µ premise of outcomð µs to onð µ stakð µholdð µr alonð µsharð µholdð µrswould not bð µ as wð µll rð µcð µivð µd by othð µr partið µs as it is undð µr thð µ sharð µholdð µr valuð µ modð µl. Consð µquð µntly, codð µ-law managð µrs arð µ Ð µvaluatð µd and motivatð µd to a lð µssð µr dð µgrð µÃ° µ on thð µ premise of sharð µholdð µr valuð µ, and morð µ on thð µ premise of rð µportð µd benefits. Hazard avð µrsion among managð µrs implið µs a grð µatð µr prð µfð µrð µncð µ to rð µducð µ Ð µarnings unpredictability. Workð µr bonusð µs and sharð µholdð µr dividð µnds additionally arð µ closð µly rð µlatð µd to rð µportð µd Ð µarnings, shaping inspirations to rð µducð µ Ð µarnings unpredictability. Rð µporting a misfortune is likð µly to rð µducð µ both dividð µnds and bonusð µs. Еarnings accordingly arð µ prð µsð µntð µd in smallð µr sums in great yð µars and in largð µr sums in terrible yð µars, Ð µspð µcially during misfortune making timð µs. Thð µ inspiration to rð µducð µ Ð µarnings unprð µdictability is compoundð µd by agð µncy mattð µs that arð µ placð µd ovð µr. For instancð µ, workð µr rð µprð µsð µntativð µs on corporatð µ govð µrning bodið µs regularly arð µ every year rð µÃ° µlð µctð µd agð µnts for workð µrs, which offð µrs thð µm extra inspirations to abstain from demonstrating lossð µs (and hð µncð µ discarding bonusð µs) or Ð µvð µn to dodge rð µductions in Ð µarnings (and bonusð µs). Bank, pð µnsion support, and insurancð µ organization stakð µholdð µrs arð µ rð µgulatð µd on thð µ grounds of capital adð µquacy, and hð µncð µ arð µ injurð µd by instability in thð µir own Ð µarnings. In the event that thð µsð µ people and bodið µs own 20% or morð µ of thð µ organization's stakð µ thð µy havð µ to change thð µir accounts by appropriatð µ measure of Ð µquity. In this way Ð µarnings unsteadiness in thð µir clið µnt associations streams dirð µctly into instability of thð µir own Ð µarnings and capital adð µquacy parts. On the off chance that thð µy don't claim Ð µnough sharð µs to alter thð µir accounts by appropriatð µ measure of Ð µquity, thð µy prð µsð µnt dividð µnds in thð µir own Ð µarnings (and rð µtainð µd Ð µarnings), in ordð µr to acquirð µ inspiration to rð µducð µ dividð µnds unpredictability. Providð µd thð µ ordinarily closð µ dividð µnds-Ð µarnings rð µlation in codð µ-law countrið µs, this là ° µads to rð µducing thð µ precariousness of thð µ Ð µarnings of firms and partnerships in which thð µy hold Ð µquity invð µstmð µnts. Extra taxð µs on undistributð µd Ð µarnings crð µatð µ solid inspiration to rð µducð µ Ð µarnings in common yð µars (othð µr things Ð µqual, to not rð µport Ð µarnings in Ð µxcð µss of thosð µ nð µÃ° µdð µd to pay thð µ dð µsirð µd dividð µnds and bonusð µs). Such mattð µr crð µatð µs rð µsð µrvð µs to usð µ on in lð µss profitablð µ yð µars. Govð µrnmð µnts likewise prð µfð µr low Ð µarning unpredictability to design charge collð µctions, and hence rð µward prð µdictability (specifically thð µy don't need charge rð µvð µnuð µs to fall in rð µcð µssions) (Hirst Ð µt al., 2005) At thð µ samð µ timð µ, Hirst and his collð µaguð µs alongside Dominic Pð µltið µr-Rivð µst (1999) include that such institutional variables structure solid inspirations to dð µcrð µasð µ Ð µarnings unpredictability and to hidð µ vð µry huge lossð µs. Likð µwisð µ, open money related rð µporting and disclosurð µ play a lð µss huge rolð µ, and in this way thð µrð µ is lð µss hazard emerging from failurð µ to prð µsð µnt lossð µs in a timð µly style. Dominic Pð µltið µr-Rivð µst (1999) notð µs that Ð µarnings rð µportð µd in companið µs Ð µmploying reward schð µmð µs show lowð µr unpredictability, rð µflð µct a lowð µr frð µquð µncy of timð µly misfortune rð µcognition, lowð µr timð µlinð µss in gð µnð µral, lowð µr sð µnsitivity to Ð µconomic lossð µs, and lowð µr timð µlinð µss connð µctð µd with dividð µnds. On thð µ othð µr hand, as indicated by Mishra, Gobð µli, and May (2000), charge inducð µd prð µssurð µ to managð µ rð µportð µd Ð µarnings doð µs not nð µcð µssarily lð µad to undð µrstatð µmð µnt of incomð µ in Ð µvð µry yð µar, for two rð µasons. To begin with, all bookkeeping adjustments arð µ a subjð µct of timing. Еquivalð µntly, bookkeeping rð µvð µnuð µ and Ð µxpð µnsð µ collections tð µnd to rð µvð µrsð µ ovð µr timð µ. Along these lines, a firm with high expense dð µductions in thð µ past has lowð µr dð µductions in thð µ prð µsð µnt and thð µ futurð µ. For somð µ bookkeeping accumulations, it is just possiblð µ to rð µducð µ rð µportð µd Ð µarnings ovð µr a Ð µxtð µndð µd pð µriod of timð µ by gð µnð µrating unintð µrruptð µd development. In othð µr words, it is possiblð µ to bð µ consistð µntly consð µrvativð µ in thð µ balancð µ shð µÃ° µt, however it is hard to bð µ consistð µntly consð µrvati vð µ in rð µporting benefits. Sð µcond, nonlinð µarity in charge ratð µs (Ð µ.g. impð µrfð µct convey forward of lossð µs) givð µs an incð µntivð µ to rð µducð µ unpredictability of taxablð µ incomð µ, in all countrið µs. In thð µ US and ЕU bookkeeping systð µms, this lð µads to dð µcrð µasing thð µ unpredictability of rð µportð µd incomð µ, which mð µans that incomð µ tð µnds to bð µ prð µsð µntð µd as a largð µr onð µ in awful yð µars. As Hð µalð µy (1985) puts, it, thð µ connð µction bð µtwð µÃ° µn tax collection and unpredictability of rð µportð µd Ð µarnings is lð µss than thð µ abovð µ examination suggð µsts. For instancð µ, tax collection in most ЕU countrið µs is basð µd on organization lð µvð µl taxablð µ incomð µ, not consolidatð µd bunch incomð µ. This offð µrs companið µs thð µ altð µrnativð µ to fix assessment and book incomð µ by demonstrating consolidatð µd financials that arð µ not cð µntð µrð µd on thð µ charge rð µcords. Fð µw companið µs dð µcidð µ to act I such a mannð µr, primarily bð µcausð µ thð µ charge systð µm givð µs thð µm grð µatð µr rð µporting flð µxibility, including thð µ ability to hidð µ lossð µs. Incomð µ policið µs havð µ bð µÃ° µn linkð µd to thð µ usð µ of thð µ reward schð µmð µs by a numbð µr of writð µrs (Bð µddoð µ, 1978; Camð µron, 1978). In Ð µvð µry casð µ thð µ connð µction has bð µÃ° µn madð µ by means of a conversation of valuð µ addð µd incð µntivð µ paymð µnt schð µmð µs ( VAIPSs). VAIPSs arð µ bunch reward schð µmð µs which arð µ for the most part opð µratð µd on a plant premise, in this way covð µring both bluð µ-and whitð µ-neckline Ð µmployð µÃ° µs. Thð µ reward pool availablð�

Music Production Essay

In the course of recent decades, electronic music and its particular types have reformed the music business by making new styles of music that have developed the feel of the well known melodies we hear today. The way toward making today’s music by means of a PC and programming has become boundlessly progressively productive contrasted with conventional chronicle, which predominantly utilizes acoustic instruments and â€Å"old-school hardware†. The procedure of structure has been smoothed out and altered over the ongoing years, in this manner opening more entryways for artists’ innovation and innovativeness. To get familiar with the ropes of music creation, one can figure out how to be a maker by going to recording or music school. Anyway recording school isn't for everybody, It can be unreasonably costly for a few and too â€Å"academic† for other people. A music producer’s occupation can be as simple as sitting on the love seat tuning in and gesturing and as dynamic as controlling the blender just as adjusting the hardware for a vocalist. Great music makers see each part of studio creation. They additionally have an excellent ear and a balanced information on how voices and instruments produce recordable sound. One thing practically all ‘computer generated’ music shares for all intents and purpose is the utilization of tests. Tests are sound bytes, anyplace from tiny blips to long encompassing commotions, some of the time spreading over the whole length of the tune. The activating of tests in a fascinating manner is the thing that makes the musicality and climate of the melody. Most electronic rhythms comprise totally of activated examples. A sampler is a program or gadget which is utilized to record and trigger sound examples, typically remembered for the principle creation programming. These gadgets are the core of today’s electronic music; they are the motors which produce the real sounds you hear. Changing and controlling sounds is the way to catching the listener’s consideration. Impacts have consistently assumed a significant job in electronic music, however over all classes. The thing that matters is that with electronic music, the audience will as a rule acknowledge a bigger number of layers of foundation impacts than likewise with different sorts of music. Impacts are utilized to take essential sounds and variate them in a fascinating and sonically upgrading way. A portion of the normal impacts makers use incorporate resonation (reverb), reverberation, rib, ensemble, and mutilation. At the point when you first beginning delivering music, or regardless of whether you have been making music for a considerable length of time, you will find that it is a test to transform one’s thoughts straightforwardly into a tune! (AllCrunchy 1) When it comes to what you truly should be a music maker, a PC is normally an unquestionable requirement have bit of equipment. One can deliver a decent sounding track with practically any sort of current PC. A DAW (Digital Audio Workstation) is likewise a necessity. The DAW is a product domain wherein you make and make the music and it is one of the most basic parts in one’s music studio. To lay it out plainly, it’s music making programming. VST (Virtual Studio Technology) synthesizers and impacts are additionally an unquestionable requirement if you’re going to begin making music carefully with a PC. VSTi’s (VST instruments) are virtual synthesizers that produce distinctive sort of sounds. You can utilize them simply like you would utilize genuine equipment , just contrast being that they’re programming and you introduce them simply like some other application, at that point open them inside a DAW to form songs and make music. The most widely recognized thing that keeps learners from getting a full sounding melody isn't filling the â€Å"box† that is volume, panning, and recurrence. The ordinary circumstance is this: as an ever increasing number of sounds are layered together, the sound may begin to â€Å"clip†. (Cutting is a type of waveform twisting that happens when an intensifier is over-driven and endeavors to convey a yield voltage or current past its most extreme capacity) Therefore, one would turn the addition down on the each channel of the blender so it doesn’t cut. Be that as it may, at that point, it sounds calm. So as to fix this, pressure and (EQ) evening out come in to play. Another issue amateur makers may confront is when too many clashing frequencies are covering in a blend. Because of covering sounds, the tune may sound â€Å"muddy†. To forestall mud, you should deliberately remember what scope of frequencies you are including with each new part. Frequencies will cover, regardless of what instruments you pick. A great deal of VST instrument modules have presets that sound generally excellent all alone, yet when put along with different presets, they conflict. A ton of these presets are full sounding, topping off a great deal of low and top of the line. Except if you cut out the conflicting frequencies utilizing EQ, you will get a suppressed, sloppy sound while tossing presets together. For instance, two bass sounds on one another will meddle, bringing about an unusual sounding stage impact. On the off chance that you need to utilize two instruments that utilization up a similar recurrence range, you’ll need to cut out the highs on one and cut out the lows on the other equalizer. The final product of including adjustment and changing volume should signify a track with a full, clear stable.

Top 10 Communication Tips 2011 #8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Communication Tips 2011 â€" #8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is the eighth entry in our “Top 10? list for you to consider when communicating with our office and applying. Number 8 â€" Familiarize Yourself with Expenses and Start searching for fellowships/scholarships/grants as soon as possible! There is no doubt about the fact that graduate school can be expensive.   We will do as much as we can to educate you on financial options, but by far the number one thing you can do is to be diligent in searching for fellowships and grants.   Do not wait to search until you have applied, you should start the search long before applying.   Each applicant should follow what I call the “rule of 2.”   Basically my assertion is that applicants should spend twice as much time applying for fellowships as time spent working on an admission application.   If it takes you 10 hours to prepare your admission application, you would be well served to spend 20 hours looking for fellowships minimum.   A great resource to get you started is our external fellowship database. Most of the information you need concerning the cost to attend is available on our Web site, such as cost of attendance, types of aid, scholarship information, and information specifically for international students.   Please do note that SIPA scholarships come from one general pool â€" there is no difference in the scholarship award process at SIPA for domestic and international students â€" all students are equally considered no matter the country of origin.   Everyone that applies for admission is considered for scholarship funding.

Understood Objects of Symbolism in the Novel Lord of the...

In every novel, an object may represent something other than what it actually is. Lord of the Flies of by William Golding has several of these objects in it. An explanation for what objects hold symbolic meaning is would be like how snow may represent delight and happiness for a child. These objects also add side stories and add detail to the novel. Three objects that hold immense symbolic meaning in Lord of the Flies are the beast, the conch, and the signal fire. To begin with, one object that holds great symbolic meaning is the beast. When the beast is introduced into the novel, it strikes terror into numerous littluns and biguns, even if they refuse to admit it. Several of the biguns take the belief of the beast with a grain of†¦show more content†¦It also shows what the fear truly is. The beast represents the savage side of mankind and the fear it strikes into people. Additionally, a different object that holds great symbolic meaning is the conch. The conch is the lone object holding order within the island. When the conch is broken, the island became a hectic mess. Jack and his followers became savage warriors who were willing to kill anything that got into their way. Sadly, Roger is the only person ready to kill somebody. The conch represents the island’s rule system and order within the island, as well. Without either order or rules, chaos is allowed into people’s lives. As a result, without the conch, terror is released and Roger’s savage nature is permitted to do as it wishes. With the conch on the island, Roger’s evil can be prevented. Jack contributes to the chaos that occurs, as well. Without him, the island is under Ralph’s control and not split into two separate groups. In the novel it states, ’He held the conch before his face and glanced round the mouth. â€Å"Then I’ll give him the conch.† â€Å" Conch?† â€Å"That’s what this shell’s called. I’ll gi ve the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when he’s speaking.† â€Å"But-â€Å"â€Å"Look-â€Å" â€Å"And he won’t be interrupted, except by me.† Jack was on his feet. â€Å"We’ll have rules!† he cried out excitedly. â€Å"Lots of rules! Then when anyone breaks ‘em-â€Å"(33) This quote shows Ralph setting the conch’s importance into the story. Without this tiny passage,Show MoreRelatedSymbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1153 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with the island. Symbols of fire, the conch and water are described all throughout the novel. Fire represents hope, strength and knowledgeRead MoreSymbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1159 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with the island. Symbols of fire, the conch and water are described all throughout the novel. Fire represents hope, strengthRead MoreLiterary Devices in Pride and Prejudice8198 Words   |  33 PagesBishkek Humanities University named after K. Karasaev The Faculty of European Civilizations The English Language Department â€Å"Peculiarities of the Lexical Stylistic devices (Metaphor, metonymy, irony, simile, epithet) in the novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen† DIPLOMA PAPER Scientific Supervisor: E. B. Jumakeeva Done by: Satarova Rahat, group: A08-2 Contents: Pages: Introduction Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagessuggestions that may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially

A Brief Note On Surface Water And Water Pollution

Surface water (rivers, streams, and lakes) are the main sources of domestic, industrial and irrigation water uses in many areas in the world, and play a very important role in hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles. As important as these surface waters are, only a minimum number are maintained and can be found in their natural condition due to intensive human activities such as urbanization and surface water pollution, making it a great environmental concern worldwide (Zhao et al., 2011). Every time it rains, rivers and streams and are subject to â€Å"non-point† source pollution. These rivers and streams are highly vulnerable water bodies because of the role they play in carrying off and assimilating point (e.g., domestic wastewater and†¦show more content†¦By characterizing the spatial and temporal variation in the water quality of rivers and streams, results from water quality analysis can provide an improved understanding of the environmental conditions and m help p olicy makers establish priorities for sustainable water management (Cooper et al., 2002 and Antonopoulos et al., 2001). Watershed-scale analysis of water quality variables can illustrate the changing influence of various human activities in different sub-basins and as one proceeds from headwaters to downstream. Reports on stormwater quality management program have shown that Greensboro currently faces water pollution problems in its main rivers and lakes (Greensboro Water Resources Dept., Report, 2013). Water quality at most of the regularly monitored stations in major rivers and streams in the county are below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards suitable for human consumption and aquatic life sustainability including sites along the Buffalo Creeks and Reedy Fork Creek. The condition of the water in Greensboro Rivers and streams is related to land use and the quality and quantity of the rainfall washing off the landscape. In an urban setting like Gree nsboro, the predominant factors in determining the water quality characteristics of rivers and streams are the pollutants washing off Greensboro’s

Social Media Use in the United States Free Essays

string(46) " social media use and health-related factors\." Social Media Use in the United States: Implications for Health Communication Wen-ying Sylvia Chou1,2, PhD, MPH; Yvonne M Hunt1, PhD, MPH; Ellen Burke Beckjord3, PhD, MPH; Richard P Moser4, PhD; Bradford W Hesse2, PhD 1Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA? 2Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA? 3RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA? 4Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USACorresponding Author: Wen-ying Sylvia Chou, PhD, MPH National Cancer Institute Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch 6130 Executive Blvd (EPN), 4051A Bethesda, MD 20892-7365 USA Phone: +1 301 435 2842 Fax: +1 301 480 2669 Email: chouws [at] mail. nih. gov ABSTRACT Background: Given the rapid changes in the communication landscape brought about by participative Internet use and social media, it is important to develop a better understanding of these technologies and their impact on health communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media Use in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first step in this effort is to identify the characteristics of current social media users. Up-to-date reporting of current social media use will help monitor the growth of social media and inform health promotion/communication efforts aiming to effectively utilize social media. Objective: The purpose of the study is to identify the sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with current adult social media users in the United States. Methods: Data came from the 2007 iteration of the Health Information National Trends Study (HINTS, N = 7674).HINTS is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey on health-related communication trends and practices. Survey respondents who reported having accessed the Internet (N = 5078) were asked whether, over the past year, they had (1) participated in an online support group, (2) written in a blog, (3) visited a social networking site. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of each type of social media use. Results: Approximately 69% of US adults reported having acces s to the Internet in 2007. Among Internet users, 5% participated in an online support group, 7% reported blogging, and 23% used a social networking site. Multivariate analysis found that younger age was the only significant predictor of blogging and social networking site participation; a statistically significant linear relationship was observed, with younger categories reporting more frequent use. Younger age, poorer subjective health, and a personal cancer experience predicted support group participation. In general, social media are penetrating the US population independent of education, race/ethnicity, or health care access.Conclusions: Recent growth of social media is not uniformly distributed across age groups; therefore, health communication programs utilizing social media must first consider the age of the targeted population to help ensure that messages reach the intended audience. While racial/ethnic and health status–related disparities exist in Internet access, among those with Internet acc ess, these characteristics do not affect social media use. This finding suggests that the new technologies, represented by social media, may be changing the communication pattern throughout the United States. (J Med Internet Res 2009;11(4):e48)? doi:10. 196/jmir. 1249 KEYWORDS Internet; social media; social networking; demography; population surveillance; eHealth, new technologies; health communication |Introduction | From 2005 to 2009, participation in social networking sites more than quadrupled [1]. In the health communication community, there is a widespread assumption that recent advances in Internet technologies (Web 2. 0), particularly the participative Internet (known as social media), have transformed the pattern of communication, including health-related communications [2].For example, social scientists observed that social media have increased individuals’ connectivity and enabled users’ direct participation. This observation is believed to have direct implications for health communication programs, prompting efforts to identify new opportunities of using social media to impact population health [3-6]. While these observations on the impact of social media are important in public health, little of the research in this area has been based on large-scale population data, partly due to the rapidity of technological changes.The key questions that remain unanswered include the following: (1) What is the true reach and impact of social media among the current US population? (2) What are the user characteristics of the different types of social media currently being used? Although market research has previously reported on the overall prevalence of Internet and social media use, with the exception of online support group use, user characteristics of social media have not been comprehensively examined using a nationally representative population sample [7].Developing an empirically based understanding of these behaviors and their implications has become a key priority in current health communication research. Given that key aims of social media research are to monitor its growth and to in form health promotion efforts aiming to utilize new communication technologies, it is important to explore the relationship between social media use and health-related factors. You read "Social Media Use in the United States" in category "Papers" Current research on the relationship between social media and health has produced conflicting results.On the one hand, studies have found that social media may bear health-enhancing potential through several mechanisms. First, the Internet-based social networks may increase perceived social support and interconnectivity among individuals [8,9]. Second, with the increase of user-generated content, information sharing is seen as more democratic and patient controlled, enabling users to exchange health-related information that they need and therefore making the information more patient/consumer-centered [10]. Third, n recent times, public health programs have demonstrated success in adapting social media as a communication platform for health promotion efforts such as smoking cessation and dietary interventions, increasing their reach through cyberspace [3,4,6,11-13]. Yet, indirect and sometimes unintended negative health impacts of social media have also been identified. First, the participatory nature of social media entails an open forum for information exchange, therefore increasing the possibility of wide dissemination of noncredible, and potentially erroneous, health information [14,15].Second, health scientists exploring the issue of the digital divide have found evidence of a double divide. Specifically, those without Internet access (a large portion of whom may be without adequate health care access) are prevented from gaining health information available on the Internet [16-20]. In sum, given the direct and indirect health impacts and the wide range of and divergent results, the current study will offer an opportunity to disentangle aspects of the complex relationship between social media use and health-related factors. The most recent iteration of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 2007) is an ideal data source to provide an in-depth examination of the prevalence and user characteristics of social media. This nationally representative survey is uniquely positioned to study social media because this new iteration contains specific follow-up questions for all Internet users, allowing us to separately estimate and compare the use of different types of social media.Another distinct advantage of the HINTS 2007 is its inclusion of many health-related questions, enabling us to comprehensively examine the association between social media use and several important health proxies. Our primary research aims are to (1) report on the prevalence of three forms of social media use in 2007: online support group participation, blogging, and social networking site participation; and (2) identify the sociodemographic and health-related predictors of the use of these three forms of social media. Meth ods | Data Source The data for this study were drawn from HINTS 2007, developed by the National Cancer Institute in 2007 with data collected from January 2008 through May 2008. Publicly accessible on the Internet, the HINTS is a biennial national survey of the US civilian noninstitutionalized adult population designed to assess the American public’s use of health- and cancer-related information and to assess other cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.The survey’s primary goal is to inform social scientists and program planners about current health communication usage across populations and to assist in developing effective health communication strategies in an age of rapid communication changes. Comprehensive reports on the conceptual framework and sample design of HINTS are published elsewhere [21,22].Note that while the conceptual framework and most survey content remained consistent across the three iterations of HINTS (2003, 2005, and 2007), the newest iteration (HINTS 2007) contains some changes. Detailed information about HINTS 2007 scope and methodology can be found in a comprehensive report [23]. Specifically, in addition to the inclusion of new survey items (such as items concerning blogging and social networking site participation), a new sampling method was adopted for HINTS 2007 to increase response rates and reduce bias.Two modes were used for data collection: (1) a random digit dial telephone survey, using a computer-assisted telephone interview, of representative samples of US households with land-line telephones (N = 4092); and (2) a pencil-and-paper questionnaire mailed to representative US postal addresses that oversampled for minorities (N = 3582). The us e of the dual sampling frames was a response to the recent dramatic decrease in telephone survey response rates and is a method currently being utilized by other government agencies. Response rates were 24% for the random digit dial survey and 31% for the mail survey. Complete surveys were obtained from 7674 adults. Only Internet users (N = 5078; approximately 68% of the population) were asked about social media use, and they form the sample for the current study. HINTS contained both final sample weights that helped obtain population-level estimates and a set of 50 replicate sampling weights to obtain the correct standard errors; both of these were included in the present analysis. Detailed descriptions of how the sample and replicate weights were calculated can be found in the HINTS 2007 Final Report [23]. Study VariablesWe selected the following sociodemographic variables to be included in the study: age, gender, education, and race/ethnicity. Age was categorized into six groups: 18-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65 and above. Education was categorized as high school degree or less, some college, or college graduate. Race/ethnicity was coded into one of the following four categories: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black (black/African American), Hispanic, and non-Hispanic other. In addition to the sociodemographic variables, three health-related variables were examined.The first is self-described health status, including overall health and distress level(measured by a summed score of six-item assessment of depressive symptoms borrowed from the National Health Interview Survey, 1997, Adult Core Questionnaire [24]). The second is the respondent’s cancer experience, coded into three categories: (1) having had a personal diagnosis of cancer, (2) having had a family member diagnosed with cancer, or (3) having had no personal experience or family member with cancer.Note that the categories are mutually exclusive: individuals with a personal diagnosis of cancer are automatically categorized as (1) regardless of their status in (2). The final health-related variable is health care access, measu red by whether the respondent reports having a regular health care provider or not. Internet status was measured by response to the following question: â€Å"Do you ever go on-line to access the Internet or World Wide Web, or to send and receive an email? Among Internet users, social media use was assessed by responses to the following three questions: â€Å"In the past 12 months, have you done the following while using the Internet: (1) participated in an on-line support group for people with a similar health or medical issue? (2) wrote in an online diary or blog? (3) visited a social networking site, such as ‘My Space’ or ‘Second Life’? † Data Analysis To accommodate the complex sampling design of HINTS, analyses were conducted using SUDAAN, version 10 (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA). Missing data (with responses of â€Å"refuse† or â€Å"don’t know†) were recoded as missing for all analyses. Bivariate analyses (chi-square) were conducted to estimate the prevalence of social media use and associations between study variables and each of the three types of social media. To address potential differences in responses due to the dual frames of the 2007 survey, we tested for potential mode differences and found no differential responses by mode to any of the social media use outcomes of interests; thus, a combined sample was used for subsequent analysis.Separate multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to estimate the odds of writing a blog, participating in an online support group, and participating in a social networking site, while including a set of demographic and health-related predictors. Finally, given the overwhelmingly significant contribution of age in all three models, each outcome was tested using age-stratified analyses by running separate models within each of the three age categories of 18-34, 35-54, and 55 and above. |Results |Sample Characteristics In 2007, approximately 69% of the US population reported having access to the Internet. This estimate is consistent with other prevalence estimates of Internet use in the same period [1]. Table 1 displays the weighted sample characteristics of non-Internet users and Internet users. ? | |Table 1. Weighted sample characteristics: proportion of non-Internet and Internet users in each category | |[view this table] | |Bivariate analyses revealed a number of significant differences between Internet users and non-Internet users. Consistent with prior results, non-Internet users were more likely to be ethnic minorities, older, less educated, less healthy, more distressed, and to report a history of a cancer diagnosis. Further, as Table 2 below shows, among Internet users, approximately 27% reported using at least one form of social media.We used chi-square tests to compare those who reported using social media (as defined by individuals who responded â€Å"yes† to at least one of the three questions on social media) to Internet users who reported not using social media. ? | |Table 2. Weighted sample characteristics of Internet users (N = 5078, 68. 54% of US population) who use and do not use social media | |[view this table] | |Among Internet users, use of social media was not uniformly distributed across the age strata. The largest proportion of social media use occurred among Internet users between the ages of 18 and 24 (65%) and decreased thereafter with each subsequent age group. In addition, patterns of social media use varied by race. Non-white Americans who accessed the Internet were more likely to use social media than white Americans. The potentially different user characteristics among different types of social media prompted separate analyses by each type of media.Table 3 summarizes the bivariate associations between each type of social media (not mutually exclusive) and the study variables. ? | |Table 3. Bivariate associations between three types of social media use and study variables: weighted results | |[view this table] | | Among the three forms of social media included in the survey, social networking received the most utilization (23% of Internet users), followed by blogging (7% of Internet users) and, finally, participation in online support groups (5% of Internet users).Blogging and social networking site participation showed the expected inverse linear relationship with age (ie, increased use across decreasing age strata). Partially because of the younger age, users tend to not have personal experience with cancer and not have a regular health care provider. The user characteristic profile of online support group participation was distinct from the other two forms of social media.Use of online support groups was rarely seen in the youngest age group (18-24) and was uniquely associated with several health-related factors, including rating general health as poor and reporting psychological distress. In contrast, blogging and social networking site participation were not associated with measures of self-reported health status. Finally, we found an unexpected education and racial/ethnic breakdown among social networking site users: less-educated individuals and racial/ethnic minorities were more likely to use this form of social media.However, these differences disappeared in subsequent regression analyses (below), suggesting that the differences observed here are likely explained by age. Multivariate Analyses The three separate multivariate regressions estimated the odds of using a particular form of social media in HINTS 2007. Given that gender was not associated with social media use at the bivariate level, we dropped it from the regression models. Table 4 displays the results of the analysis. Among Internet users, online support group participation was predicted by age, education, as well as several health-related factors.Compared with people 65 and over, those aged 25-44 were three to five times more likely to use support groups. Compared with college graduates, those with some college were more likely to use support groups. Moreover, consistent with the bivariate-level observations, those who regarded themselves as less healthy, more distressed, and who had a personal cancer experience were more likely to have used online support groups, confirming that health status is an important determinant of support group participation.In contrast to the model for support group participation, age emerged as the only significant predictor in the models of blogging and social networking site participation. A statistically significant linear effect of age on the two outcome variables was observed (P ;lt; . 001). Among individuals aged 55 and below, we observed a strong linear age effect, with each decreasing age stratum, in the odds of blogging. Participation in social networking sites shared similar user characteristics, except the odds ratios were even larger, with the age effect encompassing every age stratum. In addition, among Internet users, African Americans were more likely than non-Hispanic whites to use a social networking site (OR = 1. 51, 95% CI 1. 01-2. 24). ? | |Table 4. Multivariate logistic regressions of three types of social media use among Internet users | |[view this table] | | Age-Stratified Multivariate AnalysesGiven the central role of age in predicting social media use, and the significant interactions found between age and race/ethnicity, we conducted age-stratified logistic regressions to see whether adjusting for specific age strata would illuminate other important variables associated with social media use. Age was stratified into three categories for multivariate logistic regression models: 18-34 (younger group), 35-54 (middle-age group), 55 and older (older group). In general, the stratified models confirmed age to be the single most important predictor of social media use.Significant predictors within each type are summarized below. Note that all results reported are significant at P ;lt; . 05. Online Support Group In the youngest group, higher education (OR = 6. 33, 95% CI 2. 10-19. 10) and higher distress level (OR = 5. 56, 95% CI 1. 65-18. 76) explained the outcome. Among the middle-age group, female gender (OR = 2. 04, 95% CI 1. 20-3. 46) and higher education (OR = 2. 13, 95% CI 1. 21-5. 12) were significant predictors. In the oldest group, poorer self-reported health (OR = 3. 39, 95% CI 1. 38-8. 4) explained support group use. Blogging In all three age categories, the age-stratified models found no significant predictors of blogging. Social Networking Sites In the middle-age group, having no personal experience with cancer predicted social networking site participation (OR = 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 18-0. 86). For the oldest group, male gender was the sole predictor of social networking site use (OR = 1. 87, 95% CI 1. 28-2. 71). |Discussion |The current study examined sociodemographic and health-related predictors of the use of three forms of social media in an effort to better understand who is accessing and being reached through these emerging communication channels. The results showed that these three forms of social media have distinctly different use patterns and user characteristics, hence different health communication implications. Among the three forms of social media considered in this study, social networking sites by far attract the most users, making them an obvious target for maximizing the reach and impact of health communication and eHealth interventions.Furthermore, with increasing prevalence of personal wireless devices, communication scientists unanimously anticipate the popularity of social networking applications to continue to grow worldwide [2,25-27]. Compared to social networking sites, a much smaller percentage of Internet users reported writing in a blog, suggesting a lower prevalence of blogging. However, reading and commenting on a blog may have been a more reliable measure of blogosphere penetration due to its lower intensity than actively keeping a blog.Moreover, the blogosphere presents a tremendous opportunity for health communication. Particularly so, because bloggers have been observed to act as important communication stakeholders—not only are they information disseminators, but they play a crucial role in directing Internet traffic through opinions and hyperlinks [28]. Online support group participation was the only survey item included in the present study that was assessed throughout the three iterations of HINTS, and the weighted prevalence estimates suggest a minor increase: in 2003 and 2005, 3. % of Internet users had participated in online support groups compared to 4. 6% in 2007. User characteristics of support groups differed from blogging and social networking site participation, suggesting that online support group participation is driven by health status. This disease-focused medium may be gradually replaced by more interactive, patient-directed social networking sites and blogs, such as CaringBridge and Patientslikeme. These forms of social media have the potential to serve the social support and empowerment functions previously identified for online support groups [29].Apart from the patterns described above, the results of the study underscore the extent to which age determines who among US adult Internet users are engaging with social media. In this nationally representative sample, age emerged as the single strongest predictor of both social networking and blogging. In light of these findings, it seems reasonable to conclude that health communication efforts utilizing social media will have the broadest reach and impact when the target population is the younger generation.The relatively low penetration in the older population of 55 and older suggests that it is not yet an opportune time to utilize social media in communication with this age group. While this is true currently, we predict a continuing increase in utilization across all generations and groups in the next few years, and it remains a key health communication priority to continue tracking the sociodemographic trends of social media use to be sure that health communicators leverage these dissemination channels most effectively. Finally, for cancer communication efforts, this study found a igh prevalence of Internet and social media use among individuals with family members who have/had cancer (see Table 1 and Table 2), suggesting the potential effectiveness of social media cancer communication efforts targeting â€Å"secondary audiences,† that is, caregivers, family, and friends of cancer patients. A key finding of this study offers new and important implications for health communication in this digital age: among Internet users, social media are found to penetrate the population regardless of education, race/ethnicity, or health care access.In particular, t he multivariate analyses showed that having access to a regular health care provider did not predict social media use, suggesting that its significance in the bivariate analyses was primarily due to the effect of age. Specifically, younger individuals are less likely to have a regular health care provider. Considering implications of health communication efforts, the results of this study suggest that in the future, social media promise to be a way to reach the target population regardless of socioeconomic and health-related characteristics.If we can enable broader and more equitable Internet access (eg, increasing broadband access or wireless mobile access), thus reducing the digital divide, the potential for impacting the health and health behavior of the general US population through social media is tremendous. Furthermore, the results showed social networking sites are being utilized by African Americans at a higher rate than by non-Hispanic whites.Given the continuing increase in Internet penetration, these findings suggest a potential systematic shift in the communication pattern that transcends the traditional digital divide. Future studies should continue to examine the impact of changing technologies on patterns of health disparities. On the practice side of health communication, social media outlets may represent an excellent opportunity to reach traditionally underserved members of the population. LimitationsThe nature of self-report and the current low survey response rates present two major challenges to the generalizability of the results. First, the accuracy of self-reports of specific Internet usage may be affected by recall bias and respondents’ comprehension of survey items. In spite of this issue, this study’s prevalence estimates on Internet and social media penetration are in agreement with the published literature and are the first to be drawn from a nationally representative sample. One aspect to note is that compared to market surveys such as the Pew and Manhattan Research reports, the HINTS estimates are generally more conservative. This is in part attributable to the higher sampling precision mandated for federal surveys. Second, low response rate being a challenge facing all current survey research, HINTS 2007 attempted to boost response rates and extend coverage (especially to cell phone–only households) by adapting a dual sampling frame.As a result, the addition of the mail survey helped remedy the low response rate, to increase the generalizability of the data. An additional limitation concerns the instrumentation and questions related to blogging and social networking site participation: since neither question asked specifically about health-related use of these technologies, we cannot precisely estimate the prevalence of health-related social media use using HINTS data. Given the growing role of social media in health, future iterations of HINTS may specifically capture health-related social media use [10].As well, the question on blogging does not capture individuals who view and comment on blogs and thus may underestimate the degree to which the American public is engaged with this activity. Finally, with new technologies and social media continuing to evolve rapidly, these data, despite being the most updated national survey data available, may not have been able to capture some emerging social media forms (eg, Twitter and Wikipedia) and rapid changes brought on by the increasing use of personal wireless devices [27].In order to track the public’s use of new media, future research should track different age groups’ social media adoption while identifying new forms of social media. Given that the younger age groups are likely to continue their use of social media, we would expect to see a persistent increase across the middle-age population in the near future. Conclusions With the goal to develop a better understanding of social media use in the current US population, we have reported on the prevalence and user characteristics of three types of social media using the 2007 HINTS survey.While observations and theories about communication changes brought abou t by new technologies abound, little is supported by empirical evidence based on nationally representative data. The findings of this study contribute to the knowledge base to inform future programs aiming to utilize social media. As we have seen, forms of social media present different opportunities for health communication efforts. In particular, social networking sites attract the largest portion of Internet users and are likely to continue to grow, making them an obvious target for maximizing the reach and impact of health communication and eHealth interventions.In addition, recent growth of social media is not uniformly distributed across age groups. New health communication programs aiming to utilize social media must first consider the age of the targeted population. The data also prompt a rethinking of the connection between technologies and health disparities since the findings point to the fact that social media are penetrating individuals of different demographics at the same rate.Opportunities for narrowing the health disparities gap exist through effective use of social media as communication and health promotion platforms. These media will not enable targeted communication messages but may have the capacity to reach a wider audience than traditional media have been able to reach. Finally, while sur veillance research such as the present project is useful for determining the reach of social media, it is less useful for assessing the impact of participation in social media use on health. To assess the multiple levels of social media impact on health, future studies need to bring in diverse disciplines and methods, including intervention studies, longitudinal cohort studies, as well as ethnographic/qualitative observations to examine the effect of the social media–driven changing communication patterns on health. Acknowledgments This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Conflicts of Interest None declared. How to cite Social Media Use in the United States, Papers

Evaluate How the Nutritional Plan Might Improve the Health of the Chosen Individual free essay sample

In order to avoid that I gave her a breakfast that are high in fiber along with foods that she likes. The tables are both shown below: After Before Being without food during the night, our brain and muscles need energy and fuel to function. And the glucose in the food (as well as the vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and protein) is how we get this energy. With this rush of nutrients and glucose to our brains we are better able to concentrate, focus, be productive, and be in better spirits. There are no major health issues by not eating breakfast. I have already listed a few benefits to eating breakfast, but there are more benefits, such as: Eating high-energy foods for breakfast could help to boost short-term memory * People who rarely eat breakfast consume more fat and fewer nutrients like calcium, potassium and fiber than regular breakfast-eaters and often breakfast-eaters * A study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition showed that breakfast-skippers are more likely to have worse cholesterol levels and insulin sensitivity than breakfast-eaters * Eating a breakfast thats high in fiber and carbohydrates could help you feel less tired throughout the day, While changing the individuals diet, made a few changes that could make the individuals diet healthier. They were the following: * From fried chicken to boiled or oven chicken * White pasta and rice to brown pasta and rice * I added vegetables, which were streamed to maintain its nutrients While changing the individual’s diet, I also focused on the preparation. When making food, preparation is key, the preparation of the food determines whether the food is healthy or not. By making food that has a lot of vegetable oil; it won’t be as healthy as making food with olive oil, for that reason. The type of preparation I changed was the type of oil being used by the individual and excluding any type of frying. Instead of frying I added other types of methods like boiling, using the oven and steaming vegetables. The preparation differentiates weather the food will be 500 calories or 1000 calories. In order to improve the individual’s diet I made sure to eliminate vegetable oil because there has been recent evidence conducted that any amount vegetable oil, is unhealthy for our body. As it the polyunsaturated fats in vegetable oil can cause many health problems, including heart disease. However by using olive oil within the recommended limit, is healthier to our body as olive oil is nature’s storehouse of many healthful nutrients like vitamins A, E, D and K. Other nutrients found in olive oil are: * Magnesium-rich chlorophyll encourages formation of healthy red blood cells. * Squalene, a precursor to phytoesterols, helps reduce acidity. * Phytoesterols (in the form of beta-sitosterol) assists in preventing cholesterol absorption. * Caffeic and gallic nutrients stimulate the flow of bile which helps alkalise food coming out of the stomach, reducing stress on the pancreas. * Phenolic compounds protect against fermentation of fats and cholesterol, and may promote higher production of fat-digesting enzymes in the pancreas. Cycloartenol lowers the amount of cholesterol in free circulation and increases excretion of bile to mop up excess acidity and increase alkalinity of the food coming out of the stomach. Olive Oil has been shown to have beneficial effects on vir tually every aspect of body function, development and maintenance, including brain development, bone structure, digestion, aging process, the condition of skin and hair, metabolism, and on plaque formation in the blood vessels. There were a number of foods that I introduced to the individuals diet in order to create a healthy balanced diet. Most importantly I added a range of foods and made the tweaked the previous foods the individual had also as you can see below from the before and after: After Before By making simple changes like white pasta and rice to brown pasta and rice, and instead of frying the chicken boiling it or using other methods as suggested. Focusing on the lifestyle, there has been a number of changes they were the following: Days| Exercise| Sitting | Sleep| BMI| Monday | None| 7 hours| 9 hours | 18. 2 | Tuesday| None| 7 hours| 13 hours | 18. 2 | Wednesday| None| 7 hours| 9 hours | 18. 2 | Thursday| None| 7 hours| 9 hours | 18. 2 | Friday| None| 7 hours| 9 hours | 18. | Saturday | None| 7 hours| 8 hours | 18. 2 | Sunday | None | 7 hours| 9 hours| 18. 2 | Before Days| Exercise| Sitting | Sleep| BMI| Monday | Long distance walking| 3 hours | 8 hours| 18. 2 | Tuesday| Long distance walking| 3 hours | 8 hours| 18. 2 | Wednesday| Netball| 3 hours | 8 hours| 18. 2 | Thursday| Long distance walking| 3 hours | 8 hours| 18. | Friday| Football | 3 hours| 8 hours | 18. 2 | Saturday | Long distance walking| 3 hours| 8 hours | 18. 2 | Sunday | Long distance walking | 3 hours | 8 hours | 18. 2 | After Its visible that the individual doesn’t do much exercise apart from walking to and from school, which isn’t much. For that reason I asked her the type of exercise she interested in but she will also do such as: long distance walking which is walking for about 30 min a destinations and other sports that she enjoys like football and netball. They are both the individuals two favourite sport, by giving her these sports she will be more dedicated to exercising because if I gave her two sports she doesn’t like she wouldn’t be as motivated. We also focused on other aspect like the amount of hours she sits down during the day; the recommended amount is 3 hours which I also recommended for the individual however that is not including the time she is at school. The individual sleeps between 8-13 hours and it is recommended to sleep 8 hours a day for that reason I will stick to the recommended amount. By successfully changing the individual’s diet and lifestyle I believe that she will live a healthier life style.

Galileo Essay Research Paper Galileo free essay sample

Galileo Essay, Research Paper Galileo # 8220 ; Whereas Galileo spent his last yearss under house apprehension and was officially condemned by the Church for his scientific positions, the senior Darwin was widely respected by the Anglican Church and was buried at the Westminster Abbey, an award reserved for merely the most celebrated personages of Great Britain. The ground for the two scientists # 8217 ; really different lucks is simple: Galileo couldn # 8217 ; t turn out the Copernican hypothesis but Darwin was able to show the truth of his theory of evolution. # 8221 ; In the universe of Galileo cogent evidence was what was needed to win with a scientific hypothesis. In the universe of Darwin cogent evidence was non needed for a scientific hypothesis to win. There were many differences in the universes of these two great scientists that lead to the reaction to their several scientific hypothesize. It was non their beliefs entirely that led to their equal # 8217 ; s views it was besides the manner each of them conducted themselves. Galileo worked his manner to go a well-thought-of scientist by most of the rational community but he was besides despised by many because of his background and because of his attitude towards others. Darwin was good respected by the rational community, but the difference was the manner they conducted themselves when they were covering with their hypothesizes. Galileo # 8217 ; s Hypothesis Galileo was good known for standing up for what he believed in and forcing the things he wanted. He was invariably composing letters and prosecuting in arguments over the issue of Copernicanism. Galileo # 8217 ; s full ground for making this was to do the scientific and spiritual communities accept that Copernicanism was really a fact and that there was plenty proof to believe it. One illustration of the manner Galileo strongly pushed his beliefs on others was the manner he preached Copernicanism to the people of Rome in 1615. While he was in Rome seeking to better the church # 8217 ; s sentiment of him, Galileo was besides debating the Aristotelians over this issue and crushing them at their ain game. Because of his natural endowment for argument and because of his intelligence was able to overreach the Aristoteleans in these arguments. Galileo acted this manner because he believed that he was in a place to do these sorts of statements without acquiring on the incorrect side of the church. These actions show that Galileo was really repetitive upon his thoughts and upon what other people and the church idea of them. By sermon and debating Galileo was seeking to coerce his thoughts into credence by the church. His methods were extremely unusual ; he tried to coerce credence of his thoughts because he believed his findings to be conclusive and had enough cogent evidence for people to accept. But when the existent facts are looked at it is really easy to come to the decision that there was no unequivocal cogent evidence that the Earth and other planets orbit around the Sun. Galileo in his documents and addresss tried to conceal his deficiency of cogent evidence by concentrating on merely what he knew. His actions on the hypothesis are the complete antonym of the thoughts of modern scientific discipline. In modern scientific discipline a hypothesis is ever seeking to be proven like Galileo was making but it in neer stated as truth until conclusive cogent evidence is demonstrated. While Galileo is considered one of the laminitiss of modern scientific discipline is really easy to see that some of his actions were non really scientific. The fact that Galileo was seeking to hold people accept his hypothesis, as a fact is one of the major jobs with Galileo # 8217 ; s battle for Copernicanism. Galileo # 8217 ; s other major job with his battle for Copernicanism was that he was excessively cocky and believed that since his thoughts made the most sense people should give up the old paradigm and believe Copernicanism to be true. If Galileo had been more cautious about prophesying his thoughts and has spent more clip seeking to turn out his hypothesis scientifically he would hold most likely been better off in his ulterior old ages. He would hold avoided much of the contention that surrounded him by the church and might hold merely gotten off with another warning. Since Galileo was the adult male he was, he could non stop his battle after his first warning by the church, he had to prevail and compose another book on the theory. In his book Dialogue on the Great Systems of the World, Galileo tried to work around the prohibition of his belief of the Copernican system by the church by showing it as simply an sentiment of his. But this as most people realized was merely another effort to demo the benefits of the Copernican system. It was because of Galileo # 8217 ; s inability to give in and accept licking that he wrote this book on Copernicanism. Galileo had besides thought that he had the church on his side this clip since he was friends with the Catholic Pope but the Catholic Pope was cajoled into believing that Galileo had insulted him with the book and started and probe to find if Galileo had broken the edict of 1616. It took hocus-pocus and misrepresentation to convey Galileo down in his 2nd struggle with the church but it was his grandiloquent attitude that caused him to come to this terminal. If Galileo hadn # 8217 ; T been so into turn outing others incorrect and merely worked on his theories he would hold been much better off. Darwin # 8217 ; s Hypothesis Charles Darwin is the adult male good known for conveying about the theory of Darwinism and natural choice. Darwin became a really successful scientist in his clip and convinced many people that his theory was scientifically sound. By the clip Darwin died he had a big group of followings the believed his thoughts to be true. The ground for Darwin # 8217 ; s success was that he was really good at converting people of his thoughts without overmastering them with statements. Unlike Galileo # 8217 ; s methods of converting people Darwin preferred to state his thoughts to his close friends and let them to distribute them to others. Darwin worked for old ages on his theory without stating more than a few people about it. He did this because he was worried of what other people would think of him and he didn # 8217 ; t want to let go of an thought into the scientific community that was merely partly though through. So for old ages he worked on his thoughts entirely and kept path of all the work he did. It took Wallace # 8217 ; s paper to acquire Darwin to rush up his ain work and eventually print an infusion of his ain at the same clip as Wallace # 8217 ; s paper was published. Once Darwin realized that person might crush him to the clout he began to work faster and shortly published His book known as The Origin of Species. Darwin # 8217 ; s methods of obtaining support for his freshly public theory were radically different from Galileo # 8217 ; s methods. Alternatively of seeking to convert everyone that he was right Darwin concentrated on his research and left the sermon of his theories to his friends. Darwin # 8217 ; s shut friends Hooker and Huxley were major participants in the spread of Darwin # 8217 ; s theory. While it was his ain theory his parts to advancing it were revising his books and go oning his work farther. This method of advancing his work worked highly good for Darwin. While Darwin was seen as the front man of the motion he was non seen as one of its cardinal thrusters. By making this Darwin was able to stay behind the scenes and go on his work to better his theories. Darwin spent most of his clip in his house outside of London fostering his research and staying in contact with the attempts to popularise his theory but did non actively take part in the manner Galileo did. By remaining slightly behind the scenes and non overmastering people with his extremist theory Darwin was able to derive a big figure of protagonists in the biological community who in bend spread his theory more and more. It was through Darwin # 8217 ; s connexions that the huge bulk of people learned about development. Darwin was non seeking to coerce his theory onto others as Galileo was ; alternatively he was merely showing it as his theory, which he was still working on. It was because of this that people weren # 8217 ; Ts threatened by it as in the manner they were by Galileo # 8217 ; s theory. That is non to state that people were non threatened by Darwin # 8217 ; s theory they surely were. Darwin # 8217 ; s theory went against allot more in the bible than Copernicanism did. While Copernicanism merely went against a few obscure transitions, development went against much of the narrative of Genesis. This fact caused many people to be hostile to the theories but Darwin still remained in better standing with the church than Galileo of all time was. The chief ground for this is the fact that in the clip Darwin lived there were more people that were educated in the ways of scientific discipline which was far more progressed than in the yearss of Galileo. These new scientific people were more unfastened to thoughts than the more spiritual people of Galileo # 8217 ; s clip. If Darwin # 8217 ; s Ideas had been introduced in Galileo # 8217 ; s clip they might hold been met with the same reaction if non stronger than the actions taken against Galileo. In this mode Darwin was lucky to populate in the clip he did where he could show a book for publication which did non hold to be capable to the blessing of the Catholic Church. Darwin and Galileo were really different work forces who are both remembered as great scientists of their times. While Galileo was condemned for his attempts Darwin was remembered as a hero. This was because of their different methods of showing their thoughts. Galileo was a combatant who would non endorse down from a battle until he was pitted against the Vatican and faced with exclusion. He tactics caused many people to contemn him in his clip, which lead to the prohibition of his book on Copernicanism. While Darwin preferred to work in his place and have others fight his conflicts for him. It was because of Darwin # 8217 ; s passive publicity of his book that he made really few enemies when compared to Galileo. If Galileo was more like Darwin he may hold been better away at the clip of his decease. While much of the Copernican theory is know as fact now there is still a argument over Darwinism. This is because it has yet to be proven definitively. Darwin was still honored for his part of this theory because he did it in a scientific mode and did non enforce his sentiment onto others.

Innocence is Simplicity

Innocence is Simplicity Free Online Research Papers Innocence is simplicity; the absence of guile or cunning; naivete. All the children come to the island with a sense of harmlessness. In Lord of the Flies William Golding reveals how innocence can be lost when hidden emotions lead to destructive accidents. Unfamiliar emotions can slowly alter a person’s conscience. For example, when the boys hunted â€Å"they understood only too well the liberation into savagery that the concealing paint brought.†(159) This shows that they are using paint to hide who they really are. This shows that even their emotions may have been camouflaged. In addition, when Sam and Eric saw the â€Å"beast† they become motionless gripped in each other’s arms, four unwinking eyes†¦This shows that fear is overwhelming them causing them to do whatever is necessary to survive. This shows that raw fear is slowly leaching their dignity. When fear overpowers it conceals the emotions that promote civilized actions. In the absence of trust, society deteriorates. For example, one member, Roger, destroys in one move not only Piggy but also the conch. This shows that the conscience Roger had is corrupted. This shows that any future trust placed in Roger would be ignorant. In addition, Sam and Eric told Jack where Ralph was hiding. This shows that the two Ralph should have been able to trust would rather betray him to gain Jack’s trust. This shows that the approval of the current leader is more important than fighting for a hopeless cause. Without rules for those who need them, betrayal is inevitable and society collapses. In the attendance of simple loyalty to another a relationship is continually rejuvenated. Basically, if you can keep someone’s trust, your relationship with that person grows stronger each and every day. Trust is a hard characteristic to find in a person. When trust is lost between two people, that society can soon crumble. Trust is a very delicate thing. But if you use it right, it can make all the difference in the world. Research Papers on Innocence is SimplicityArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Honest Iagos Truth through DeceptionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Hockey GameHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

Clinical Synthesis 5 and 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical Synthesis 5 and 6 - Assignment Example Moreover, from the ministry there exist a number of government agencies, which are responsible for conducting research and coming up with new technological mechanisms for fighting disease-causing microorganisms (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, & Kramer, 2007). The government governs hospitals and health care facilities through boards, which are chaired by senior doctors who are responsible for the daily running of the facilities. The entire health care department is financed by the government, and it also receives grants and donations from non-governmental organizations that endeavor to promote quality health care services in those institutions (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2012). That notwithstanding, clients who visit these health centers pay up some fee for their treatment; this also goes on to finance the day to day running of the facilities. However, monies charged on clients is not the main source of financing for the health care sector because the services that are offered are subsidized in a manner that makes them cheaper and affordable to the common citizens thus, whatever is collected as service charge is not enough to finance the daily operations of health facilities (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, & Kramer, 2007). Commonly, the health care sector is a not for profit initiative by the government, it is established mainly to give quality and affordable services to the citizens to get rid of any kind of disease outbreak, which may claim the lives of the citizens. Thus, business principles do not apply in the health sector as the health facilities cannot be self-sufficient by depending on the monies charged on the services that are offered as the main source of financing for their daily operations (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2012). Businesses are founded with the sole intention of making profit, but the case of health care sector is totally different since it is a not for profit project, which is mainly funded by the government to help its citizen’s access affordable health care

The cognitive and emotional aspects of fibromyalgia Annotated Bibliography

The cognitive and emotional aspects of fibromyalgia - Annotated Bibliography Example On the other hand, fibromyalgia is described as a syndrome which inherits long-term body pain due to tenderness of joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. The study also illustrates the variant depression symptoms among people in respect to change in mood, behavior and thinking which hinders in pharmacological treatment. Medical researchers have implemented neurobiological and therapeutic features to decrease processes of pathophysiological to disable the enhancement of pain and depression within the people. This study also shows about the qualitative approach of identifying the association between chronic pain and mood disorders which go beyond the process of pathophysiological that causes depression and pain. Fibromyalgia arises due to variation in cognitive and emotional psychological behavior of people. These tendencies generally arise due to various deficiencies of vitamins, which build and provide strong generation of tissues. The competitive racialism, work pressure, financial insufficiency and unsophisticated environment are also associated with the cause of fibromyalgia. Hence, there must be awareness programs organized in support of medical organizations and welfare agencies, which can provide various psychological therapies and treatments to mitigate the issues of fibromyalgia. The research study illustrates that the cognitive impairment related to behavior and attitude of individuals which are generated due to fibromyalgia have extreme negative effect on the human psychology as well as causes severe pain than the general pain. This study explains that central nervous system, which consists of limbic and front parietal cortices of the patients are hampered who are inflicted with fibromyalgia. There had been neuroimaging techniques implemented, which ascertain that effective biomarkers are not available that can detect and measure the scale of patients’ condition in cognitive and

An Overview Of Marriott International Information Systems Essay

An Overview Of Marriott International Information Systems Essay In total, Marriott operates hotels under fourteen different brands, with four brands in full-service lodging, three in select-service lodging, three in extended-stay lodging and four in timeshare. This extensive accommodation portfolio is combined with a synthetic fuel production facility, which Marriott operates as a joint venture. (Global Market Information Database, 2005) Given the wide size and scope of Marriotts operations around the globe, information systems are vital to the smooth running of Marriotts hotel operations, thus this piece will examine how they have fit into such a diverse portfolio. Introduction Many business organisations in todays information age have holistic, broad views of business operations, and tailor them to accommodate the different types of individual business units or operations within their portfolio. In the past, companies were relatively self-contained and information management was straightforward, but the diverse business needs of the modern environment, including strategy formulation, process definition, product portfolio definition and construction, capital equipment ownership, technology, infrastructure and operations can no longer be kept on such a tight rein as many companies held them a decade ago. (Olson, 2005) The way enterprises manage their operations has been changed, in fundamental ways, by the information age, and these new approaches are applied by corporations to strategically manage operations and diverse portfolios with virtually every new initiative, whether it is internal transformation, where direct control of risk factors is very high but technology is new; with partners, where direct control over risk factors is shared; or with other stakeholders where direct control over risk factors is often very low. As such, it is important that diverse, multinational operators, such as Marriott International, have solid, manageable information systems in place, to better enable them to manage their diverse operations and investments. As such, this piece aims to use various sources of secondary research to analyse some of the systems Marriott International uses to manage its hotel and catering operations information across its global hotel holdings. Procedure / Research My primary method of research has been to use online databases, such as EBSCO host, MINTEL and Euromonitor, to find relevant articles, both on the use of information systems in business operations in general, and more specifically on the use of information systems within Marriott Internationals business model. One of the main, and most well known, uses of information systems by Marriott International is its focus on technology initiatives to boost the companys sales. In order to accomplish this, the company has implemented a detailed customer-relationship management package from Siebel Systems Inc., and engaged in a plan to upgrade its central reservations, revenue and property management systems, allowing customers to view and book rooms online. (Rosen, 2001) Another, less well know and less obvious area where Marriott International uses information systems is across its many in house catering departments. To aid with this, the company has completed a rollout of the ChefTec recipe management, food costing and inventory system, a Windows-based platform developed by Culinary Software Services Inc. Marriott International corporate executive chef Peter DAndrea expressed enthusiasm with the new system and discussed the operators previous menu management process. (Nations Restaurant News, 1999) For example, the system means that recipes can be converted automatically from domestic, to metric scales, to imperial amounts in the United Kingdom, where Marriott has many properties. The operator also has versions of software in several languages, including English, Spanish and German, and is working on one in Mandarin Chinese. Marriott also added its own glossary of culinary terms, optimum cooking times for off-used foods and a year-round planning feature, which helps chefs with seasonal menus; for example it informs them that March is the peak month for asparagus. Denver-based Culinary Software Services also worked closely with Marriott to cull about 2,500 of its recipes and 500 pictures and replicate them onto CD-ROMs, which were be distributed to more than 400 of Marriotts full-service hotels in the United States and abroad. (Nations Restaurant News, 1999) Taking advantage of ChefTecs core and advanced features, Marriott International also will be able to do the following: organize inventories based on bids from multiple vendors; search for recipes by ingredients, categories and names; attach photographs and video files to recipes; and save recipes in the hypertext markup language, which will allow chefs to distribute them over the Internet. Findings / Analysis In the context of the hotel industry, computers and information systems do three things very well, all of which are important in the hotel and catering industry. One, they handle large amounts of data. Two, they communicate at the speed of light. And three, they follow rules. (Hamstra, 1997) These factors are hugely important when managing a 3,000 hotel portfolio across seventy countries around the world. Not only must information, including booking and reservation data, be shared quickly with all other properties, but it must also be accurate, and in line with the companys overall strategy. Toward that end, the company has recently tested an Intranet prototype called Oasis, which is designed to give unit-level managers instant access to the information they need to run their locations, and manage relationships with their customers. (Rosen, 2001) Accounting is one of the more obvious areas in which technology has an impact on Marriott operations, as although most units have typically been equipped with basic software programs, much like small businesses, over eighty percent of period-end transactions are now handled electronically by year-end. (Rosen, 2001) The company is about halfway through its rollout of the Xcellenet system, which allows operators at the unit level to download software from corporate headquarters and to digitally transmit accounting reports via phone lines. However, the company keeps a wary eye on its technology expenditures, often using existing technologies longer than other businesses would. Although the entire Marriott organization spent $100 million on technology in 1997 (Hamstra, 1997), the lodging side of the company generally has the greatest need for the most advanced systems in its global hotel network. Often systems are tested and implemented in the lodging division before being adopted by the catering and other departments. In human resources, Marriott is putting advanced technology to use both in recruiting and training, including the companys Alexus system, which uses laser-scanning technology for the electronic storage of resumes, which can be accessed via the Internet by human resources personnel. When a position needs to be filled, Alexus automatically sorts through the resumes in its database to display those that represent the most qualified applicants. The company also sees a bright future for its CD-ROM interactive training program, which was developed in-house (Rosen, 2001). The product, which is used in conjunction with workbooks, gives unit-level managers an orientation to Marriott International, and subsequent segments in the series provide training in such areas as conducting pre-shift meetings, planning a menu and arranging reservations. Although Marriott is still in the early stages of the rollout of this technology: as of 2001, the second CD in the series was in a 40-unit test and the third was in a five-unit test, the company had already achieved significant time savings in training through use of the program, according to Fran Szabo, director of interactive training at MMS. (Rosen, 2001) The companys information systems and technology are also reaching the stage when they can be used to enhance the services the company provides to its business clients. The same employees who eat in the company cafeteria may someday be able to click on an icon on their computer screen that allows them to order food to take home or to gain access to other services, such as car detailing, and business clients who like the recipes served in the restaurant may be able to do likewise. Technology also plays a role in food production, with about 20 percent of the companys units using some form of automation in the production process, primarily in menu control. Here, however, the fundamental stumbling block will be in following rules: If somebody says, My moms apple pie is better than the standard recipe, then the next thing you know, youve got 120 different recipes for apple pie and you lose your procurement leverage. (Hamstra, 1997) Another massive impact of information systems on Marriotts business is the impact of providing free-to-guest internet access technology on the hoteliers revenue. When this technology first came on the scene, hoteliers saw it as an opportunity for revenue generation, however as time progressed, it became a necessity for guests, as well as part of the strategy to create exceptional value. For instance, at Marriott International Inc.s Courtyard and SpringHill Suites brands, guests are taking advantage of the high-speed Internet access service for more than just electronic-mail. They are accessing digital music and other types of digital content, and Marriott is currently responsible for the costs of this. (Shaw, 2005) However, as reliable, free to guest internet access becomes more and more of a requirement for guests, Marriott is being forced to build these costs into its business model, and thus is able to take a more holistic approach to customer information technology and systems across its business. This enables Marriott to gain supply chain leverage in this area, thus reducing the costs of information systems and Internet access across the group as a whole. Conclusions and recommendations By aligning the IT strategy with the business strategy over the past three years, Marriotts senior management has grown to consider technology as an investment rather than an expense. The concept of assigning a business lead and an IT lead to all major projects that are technology-enabled starts at the executive level (Computerworld, 2001), and executive decision-making meetings, such as Marriotts Business Strategy Review, e-Business Council and Digital Business Strategy, are all cross-functional and co-led. As a result, IT better understands and supports Marriotts business strategy, and business executives have a much better understanding of what technology can and cant do. This provides Marriott with a sustainable competitive advantage. CIO Magazine named Marriott International to its Top 100 list for the fifth time. Marriott is the only hotel on the list, which recognizes organizations for excellence in information technology. (Lodging Hospitality, 2004) Marriotts presence on this list clearly demonstrates the companys commitment to developing its information systems, and using them to support its business. Given that Marriotts revenue grew by 44% between 1999 and 2004, and profits grew by 49% over the same period (Global Market Information Database, 2005) at the time of the companys latest investments in information systems, it is clear from this that information systems are vital to the smooth running of a major multinational hotel operation and, indeed, this provides evidence that information systems are vital for any major business operation. Also, in order to further growth, Marriott is likely to focus strongly on international expansion, which is crucial, as Marriotts portfolio is currently highly reliant on US hotel sales. As a result, Marriott must focus on developing the speed and accuracy of its information systems to facilitate this growth, and stay in its current, market leading, position. References Computerworld (2001) In their own voices. Vol. 35, Issue 13, p. 42. Global Market Information Database (2005) Marriott International Inc. Euromonitor International. Hamstra, M. (1997) Marriott finds no cookie-cutter solutions for technology. Nations Restaurant News; Vol. 31, Issue 10, p. 110. Lodging Hospitality. (2004) Tech Bytes. Vol. 60, Issue 13, p. 54. Nations Restaurant News (1999) Marriott Internationals ChefTec makes recipe filing a snap. Vol. 33, Issue 20, p. 86. Olson, E. G. (2005) Strategically managing risk in the information age: a holistic approach. Journal of Business Strategy; Vol. 26, Issue 6, p. 45. Rosen, C. (2001) Marriott Uses CRM Application To Boost Sales. InformationWeek; Issue 843, p. 73. Shaw, R. (2005) Free-to-guest services migrate from revenue streams. Hotel Motel Management; Vol. 220, Issue 18, p. 26.

Behaviour Awareness Essay

Self concept is created by two main concepts, self image and self esteem. How you see yourself, your personality and how others see you are all part of a persons self concept. The more positive a person views themselves, the greater the chance of that individual reaching their full potential and being able to maintain a positive attitude. Self image being how you see yourself and your appearance. It does not have to necessarily reflect that of reality, someone suffering from anorexia for example who is visibly thin may, â€Å"have a self image in which the person believes they are fat. (1) The development within children and their self concept is quite significant. Young children will only possess a limited self concept of few descriptions which are usually physical. Older Children develops to a series of â€Å"factual categories†, these being things such as, hair colour, eye colour and height. In the adolescence period the self concept begins to expand further. Incorporating many likes and dislikes along with beliefs and may include details regarding others. Once self concept is in an adult stage it includes personalities and details of the quality of their life. If a person sees themselves as being a success it is likely that their self esteem will be high. With a positive self belief and a positive self image comes a positive self concept. According to Seligmon’s cycle of failure, if a child was attempting a certain activity and failed they could develop a negative concept of their abilities perhaps reinforced by others. With the negative builds a low self esteem leading the child not to try at the activity which in turn would lead to them failing once again. The cycle could also work in a positive way, If an individual performed an certain action and was rewarded for it they would repeat that action. For children to be able to develop need to have a role, a sense of worthiness. This could be as simple as tidying their bedroom or toys away. To have a positive self esteem children should also be praised and rewarded for good behaviour, and on the same principle have criticism and discipline for any bad actions. The case study of Emily illustrates aspects of her development and self concept, it is stated that, â€Å"she was an unsettled a baby and spent the first three months of her life crying. At this stage in a child’s development the baby would have little concern over self image or self esteem and is therefore crying for comfort, safety, love, in pain or just hungry. Due to the unhappiness of Emily it is unlikely that she was receiving the sufficient care or attention she needed. As Emily grows older her role is diminished even more, being blamed for the collapse of the family and the walking out of her father. The lack of belonging will damage Emily’s ability to find her identity, causing her a low self esteem. This only encouraged as she grows older, being neglected and left in her playpen. With the lack of interaction Emily is unable to make any form of attachments and develop any social skills. She is constantly being compared to her brothers in a unfair fashion yet again breaking down her self esteem and therefore her self concept. The sense of rejection from the family is renewed later on when the father collects her brothers to go and play football. With the reasoning, â€Å"she is a girl and girls do not play football! Not only presenting a sexist attitude, Emily is once again denied any form of acceptance. This denial of acceptance could influence her gender concept and develop the thought that she, and women in general are the weaker sex when compared to the male race. When Emily starts school, she does not mix with the other children. She instead isolates herself, a lack of confidence and social skills instantly signal a low self confidence and self image. This is most likely to be a result to her previous life experiences, she has not been encouraged to interact with others and therefore not know how to. As the case study explains in regard to Emily‘s social interactions, â€Å"Her brothers have little time for her† and that her mother, â€Å"was too depressed to care for her. † A lack of interactions may have given her a low self concept, the feeling that she was not worthy of positive attention. This lack of communication would have had a profound impact on Emily’s own attitude hence the lack of interacting with others once she begins school. If not improved Emily’s isolation could lead on to more serious problems such as depression in Adolescents and later life. Her perspective on socialising will impact her in a very negative way once she moves into her teenage years, it is during this period that relationships shift and close attachments are formed with friends. However, if she is unable to mix with others, unable to fit in the pressure could become too much. She could fall victim to bullies without the protection of friends or display what is often described as, â€Å"off the rails† behaviour. Drinking, smoking taking drugs and self harming to numb her disappointment with herself as she compares herself to others created a low self image and therefore low self concept. Teenage depression is a major issue often dismissed as â€Å"emotional teenage behaviour†, in actual fact it is said that, â€Å"one in seven children† develop depression with, â€Å"More than 70 percent† of these not being diagnosed and treated (2) An individuals self concept has both primary and secondary influences. Primary influences can be those of most significance to a person. Examples such as, friends and family who have a profound impact due to the closeness of the relationship. A person’s upbringing, how an individual is treated whilst growing up. The perspective on life and the morals of an individual all depend upon the atmosphere they have learned from. If a child for example had little attention or care from the parents, they may be badly behaved to get that attention even if it is in a negative form. Life experiences all depend on the depth of the example, if it was as simple as starting school it may not have such a dramatic impact when compared to a more serious situation like being moved due to a case of domestic violence. In the case of Emily her primary influences all possess negative elements, her family appear to disregard her displaying little love and affection towards her. The upbringing that she receives seems very â€Å"hands off†, her mother is suffering from a form of depression so therefore does not grant Emily much positive attention. Her brothers are fed lies from their mother who tells them that Emily, â€Å"is the reason why their father left. † and as for her absent father figure, he comes by and takes her brothers out leaving her behind. Secondary influences include, the influence of the media, certain situations such as arguments and role models. In regard to the case study of Emily, only negative influences are represented. With exception of the teacher who is the only one who appears to show any concern for her. From being a baby, Emily has had no close relationships. Her father left, and for this her mother and brothers both set the blame onto her. The upbringing she has received is simply that of neglect and disappointment. With all this rejection Emily must have an extremely low self esteem and sees herself as a failure. She has many life experiences, being blamed for them has affected her confidence and may be partly responsible for her self isolation. As for role models, Emily must be in envy of her brothers and the praise they receive so she may see them as her ideal self. The situation that Emily must be in is awful, she is aware that her family feel as though she is to blame and punish her for the break up of the family however, Emily has little concept on why others are treating her this way and so believes it must be her actual self developing her low self concept. As humans we all make comparisons. Comparing looks, styles, personalities ect. Children are less intrigued by style and dress size, instead many tend to focus on possessions. A friend having a certain new toy however, parents sometimes curse they children after they question the appearance of someone with a visible disability. It is just the curious nature of a child as they develop. Michael Argyle stated that self concept was made up of four factors, one of these being the comparisons we make. One website states, â€Å"If the people we compare ourselves with (our reference group) appear to be more successful, happier, richer, better looking than ourselves we tend to develop a negative self image BUT if they are less successful than us our image will be positive. † (1) This statement is relatable to most individuals as based on others we create our self image, am I as pretty as them? Am I more successful? These are questions that many ask daily and based on their personal answers the self image may change as a result. Comparisons can be negative but at the same time positive. By comparing yourself to someone in a negative way will only damage your self confidence and therefore, self concept. Emily is regularly compared to her brothers by her mother and also by her father in the form of neglect. This resulting in comparing herself to her brothers, her possible â€Å"ideal self†. It is because of this that any comparisons she makes will be negative towards herself. Once she begins attending school, it would be expected that she also makes comparisons between her parents and everybody else’s. Presumably enhancing the lack of love she receives from her mother and distant father. Many people have role models, someone they can look up and aspire to. They may also compare themselves to this person, their ideal self. As a child heroes tend to be a fictional character rather than an actual person although some may favour their parents or close family. By having a superhero as a role model, children want to act in the same way as them. Claiming that sense of power and authority they appear to possess. The mind of a child should be full of imagination and the ability to make believe. With this the self esteem and self image of a child can be fulfilled. As people grow older and develop more the hero’s they once looked up to seem outdated and childish. Role models at this stage tend to develop into real inspiration people. Someone who’s actions have had an impact and influenced an individual. . A persons self concept can have a very dramatic effect upon relationships. Some of the negative effects of having a bad self concept may include, lack of confidence, little interaction, isolating yourself, a low self esteem and a low self confidence. All of these reactions having a deep impact on the way we form and present friendships and relationships. If someone has a low self concept for one reason or another, they could become distant and withdrawn. This affecting others who are close to the person. If this was to occur with children they would not have the knowledge to understand that there might be a problem and dismiss it and maybe find new friends, rejecting the withdrawn one. As people grow older and become wiser it would become more apparent that there was a problem. Hopefully in this situation any friends would address to problem and support their friend. Depending on past experiences it may be difficult for some people to make or maintain friendships or relationships. A lack of trust or social skills would make it hard for an individual to express themselves and be themselves. In the case of Emily when she starts school, she makes no effort to make friends or socialise. From past experience she has had no real friends to be able to base future friendships on. The only actual relationships ships she has encountered are those of her mother and brother, which is filled with hatred and guilt. Bearing this in mind, in future Emily will always be conscious that she might cause the relationship to fail, and therefore never just be herself. On the other hand, due to her experience of abuse, neglect and negative attention it is possible that these qualities are those of what she will encounter in future relationships as to her this may be viewed as the norm. Michael Argyle was a theorist. He said that self concept is developed and affected by four main things. These being, the comparisons we make, our reactions to others, the roles that we play and the identification with role models. Comparisons we make: we are constantly comparing ourselves to others, this occurs most during the adolescence stage when individuals are attempting to find who they are and look at others for inspiration. Comparing almost everything in either a negative or positive way. The reactions towards others: how people interact, confidence or lack of social skills. If a person is happy and has a high self concept it would be more likely they would interact more. The roles that we play: does a person have any value or a role in life? It is important for an individual to have a role in life, to make them feel worthy like they have a purpose. Our identification with role models: means someone that an individual can aspire to and follow giving them some reason in life, an ideal self. Erik Erickson was a German theorist who set about a theory which suggests humans experience eight stages. At each of these we are faced with a crisis, a life experience. They are presented as opposites for example, trust Vs mistrust. It is said that we learn both positive and negative parts from each stage, which we never fully resolve. Instead take them and live by them in the next stage. For a healthy development throughout life the positive experiences must outweigh the negatives. His theory can be viewed as a lifelong description of ego. Either loosing or gaining the strength of ego as a result of each stages developmental experiences. All of this creating and shaping a persons personality, who they are. The development of his theory being influenced by both biology and genetics. The sequencing of events due to genetics and when each stage occurs as a result of biology. The theory which consists of both social and mental development, was also influenced by interactions with the environment.